1 Which law applies?
1.1. Which law is applicable to a couple´s property? Which criteria/rules are used to determine the applicable law? Which international conventions have to be respected with regard to certain countries?
For marriages concluded until 28 January 2019, Italian national rules apply. Unless the spouses agree otherwise, their matrimonial property is subject to the law applicable to their personal relations, i.e.:
- their common national law, if the spouses have the same citizenship;
- the law of the state in which matrimonial life is prevailingly located, if they have different citizenships or several common citizenships (Art. 29 and 30 Law No. 218 of 31/05/1995).
Italy has not ratified any international conventions on this matter.
Following the adoption of European Regulation (EU) 2016/1103 of 24 June 2016, new rules apply to determine the law applicable to all marriages concluded as from 29 January 2019 and to marriages concluded before the date of entry into force where the spouses have chosen a law applicable to their matrimonial regime as from 29 January 2019.
In the absence of choice of law, Article 26 sets out the hierarchy of connecting factors to determine the applicable law, as follows.
- The spouses’ first common habitual residence after the conclusion of the marriage.
- Failing that, the spouses’ common nationality at the time of conclusion of the marriage. This criterion cannot be used when the spouses have several common nationalities.
- Failing that, the law of the State with which the spouses jointly have the closest connection at the time of conclusion of the marriage.
By way of exception and provided that one of the spouses so requests, the competent judicial authority may decide that the law of a State other than that of the first common habitual residence after the conclusion of the marriage shall apply (Art. 22.3).
1.2. Do the spouses have the option of choosing the applicable law? If so, by which principles is this choice governed (e.g. the laws to be chosen, formal requirements, retro-activity)?
Until 28 January 2019, the spouses can choose the applicable law. They may agree that their property should be governed by the law of a state of which at least one of them is a citizen or by the law of a state in which at least one of them resides. The requirements for the formal and content validity of the choice-of-law agreement are governed by the law chosen or by the law of the place where the agreement is concluded (Art. 30 Law No. 218 of 31/05/1995).
The written form is a minimal formal requirement. The agreement may be concluded or altered at any time; there is no retroactive effect and the agreement may be contained within the record of celebration of the marriage.
Regulation (EU) 2016/1103 provides for the possibility to choose the law of one of the States of which at least one of the spouses is a national or the law of the habitual residence of either spouse at the time of the choice as the law applicable to their matrimonial property regime (Art. 22). This choice may only be validly made as from 29 January 2019 within the framework of a marriage contract or an agreement on the choice of applicable law and in compliance with the formal requirements laid down in Article 23.
Finally, the choice of law applicable to the matrimonial property regime during the marriage will only have effect for the future, unless otherwise agreed by the spouses and without prejudice to the rights of third parties.
