1 Which law applies?
1.1. Which law is applicable to a couple´s property? Which criteria/rules are used to determine the applicable law? Which international conventions have to be respected with regard to certain countries?
For marriages concluded until 28 January 2019, Bulgarian national rules apply. The property relations of the spouses shall be governed by the law applicable to their personal relations. The personal relations of spouses shall be governed by their common national law, and if they have different nationality it shall be governed by the law of the country of their common habitual residence, and when such is not available either, by the law of the country with which both spouses are generally in the closest relation (Art. 79 of the Code on Private International Law (CPIL)).
Following the adoption of European Regulation (EU) 2016/1103 of 24 June 2016, new rules apply to determine the law applicable to all marriages concluded as from 29 January 2019 and to marriages concluded before the date of entry into force where the spouses have chosen a law applicable to their matrimonial regime as from 29 January 2019.
In the absence of choice of law, Article 26 sets out the hierarchy of connecting factors to determine the applicable law, as follows.
- The spouses’ first common habitual residence after the conclusion of the marriage.
- Failing that, the spouses’ common nationality at the time of conclusion of the marriage. This criterion cannot be used when the spouses have several common nationalities.
- Failing that, the law of the State with which the spouses jointly have the closest connection at the time of conclusion of the marriage.
By way of exception and provided that one of the spouses so requests, the competent judicial authority may decide that the law of a State other than that of the first common habitual residence after the conclusion of the marriage shall apply (Art. 22.3).
1.2. Do the spouses have the option of choosing the applicable law? If so, by which principles is this choice governed (e.g. the laws to be chosen, formal requirements, retro-activity)?
Until 28 January 2019, spouses may choose the applicable law to regulate their property relations, if this is allowed by the law specified in 1.1. (Art. 79 CPIL). Bulgarian law allows such a choice of law. The choice-of-law agreement has to be made in writing, dated and signed by the (future) spouses. Its validity is governed by the selected law (Art. 80 CPIL).
Regulation (EU) 2016/1103 provides for the possibility to choose the law of one of the States of which at least one of the spouses is a national or the law of the habitual residence of either spouse at the time of the choice as the law applicable to their matrimonial property regime (Art. 22). This choice may only be validly made as from 29 January 2019 within the framework of a marriage contract or an agreement on the choice of applicable law and in compliance with the formal requirements laid down in Article 23. According to Art. 80 of the Bulgarian Code of Private International Law, the choice of applicable law shall be in written form, dated and signed by the spouses.
Finally, the choice of law applicable to the matrimonial property regime during the marriage will only have effect for the future, unless otherwise agreed by the spouses and without prejudice to the rights of third parties.
